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286概率简单derivationshort

Robust Ascents in a Random Permutation

题目

Let σ\sigma be a uniformly random permutation of {1,2,,n}\{1, 2, \dots, n\}. An ascent at position ii (for 1in11 \le i \le n-1) is a position where σ(i)<σ(i+1)\sigma(i) < \sigma(i+1). Find the expected number of ascents.

Additional robustness twist: before observation, an independent random relabeling of outcome labels is applied. Compute the same target and justify invariance.

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