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288概率中等derivationmedium

Robust Isolated Vertices in a Random Graph

题目

In the Erdos-Renyi random graph model G(n,p)G(n,p), each of the (n2)\binom{n}{2} possible edges among nn labeled vertices is included independently with probability pp. A vertex is isolated if it has no edges. Find the expected number of isolated vertices.

Additional robustness twist: before observation, an independent random relabeling of outcome labels is applied. Compute the same target and justify invariance.

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