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Robust Heads-Tails Transitions in Coin Flips

题目

You flip a fair coin nn times independently. A transition at position ii (for 1in11 \le i \le n-1) occurs when flip ii and flip i+1i+1 differ (one is heads and the other tails). Find the expected number of transitions.

Additional robustness twist: before observation, an independent random relabeling of outcome labels is applied. Compute the same target and justify invariance.

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