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301概率简单数值题short

Robust Descents in a Random Permutation

题目

Let σ\sigma be a permutation of {1,2,,n}\{1, 2, \dots, n\} chosen uniformly at random. A descent is a position i{1,,n1}i \in \{1, \dots, n-1\} where σ(i)>σ(i+1)\sigma(i) > \sigma(i+1). What is the expected number of descents?

Additional robustness twist: before observation, an independent random relabeling of outcome labels is applied. Compute the same target and justify invariance.

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