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303概率中等derivationshort

Robust Coincident Rolls

题目

You roll a fair kk-sided die nn times independently. Let MM be the number of pairs (i,j)(i, j) with 1i<jn1 \le i < j \le n such that roll ii equals roll jj. Find E[M]E[M].

Additional robustness twist: before observation, an independent random relabeling of outcome labels is applied. Compute the same target and justify invariance.

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