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531概率简单数值题short

Cover Time of the Path Graph P₃

题目

A random walk moves on the path graph P3P_3 with vertices {1,2,3}\{1, 2, 3\} and edges {12,23}\{1{-}2, 2{-}3\}. At each step, the walker moves to a uniformly random neighbor (so from vertex 22 it goes to 11 or 33 each with probability 12\tfrac{1}{2}, and from vertex 11 or 33 it moves deterministically to 22). Starting at vertex 11, what is the expected number of steps to visit all three vertices (the cover time)?

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